Archive of the Darwin Papers Editorial Project, 1821-1882.

Lyell, Charles, Sir, 1797-1875

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Sir Charles Lyell, first baronet, (1797-1875, APS, 1842) was a geologist and lawyer, whose Principles of Geology explained “former changes of the earth’s surface” by means of “modern causes.” Critical of the “catastrophist” views of many contemporary geologists, Lyell considered the earth “a system of balanced antagonistic processes,” a theory later described as uniformitarian. Although he rejected Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of species mutability early in his career, later he favorabl...

Horner, Leonard, 1785-1864

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Leonard Horner was a Scottish merchant, geologist and educational reformer. He was the younger brother of Francis Horner. He was a founder of the School of Arts of Edinburgh and one of the founders of the Edinburgh Academy; he was also involved in the establishment of University College School. As a commissioner on the Royal Commission on the Employment of Children in Factories, Horner arguably did more to improve the working conditions of women and children in North England than any other perso...

Gray, Asa, 1810-1888

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Often called the “Father of American Botany,” Asa Gray was instrumental in establishing systematic botany as a field of study at Harvard University and, to some extent, in the United States. His relationships with European and North American botanists and collectors enabled him to serve as a central clearing house for the identification of plants from newly explored areas of North America. He also served as a link between American and European botanical sciences. Gray regularly reviewed new Euro...

Henslow, J. S. (John Stevens), 1796-1861

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John Stevens Henslow was a British botanist and taught mineralogy (1822-1827) and botany (1827-1861) at Cambridge. It was he who recommended his pupil Charles Robert Darwin as naturalist for the Beagle expedition, 1831-1836. From the description of Papers, 1825-1867. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 173466006 From the guide to the J. S. (John Stevens) Henslow papers, 1825-1867, 1825-1867, (American Philosophical Society) John Stevens Henslow (1796-1861), botanist, ...

Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891

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Philadelphia-born naturalist. Leidy studied medicine and anatomy and received the degree of M.D. at the University of Pennsylvania in 1844. He died in 1891 recognized as the foremost American anatomist of his time. Among many interests, parasitology had been a favorite study of Leidy. From the description of Joseph Leidy journal: Researches on rhizopods, 1875-1877. (University of Pennsylvania Library). WorldCat record id: 214283687 ...

Von Humboldt, Alexander, 1769-1859

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Born in Berlin, Germany, and educated at the universities of Frankfurt and Göttingen, Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) was one of the most prominent European figures of his age. His fame largely derived from his scientific expedition in Latin America between 1799 and 1804, which resulted in numerous discoveries, particularly related to physical geography and meteorology. Notably, he spent 1803 in New Spain (present day Mexico) conducting a census of the territory. Source: Alexander von ...

Hooker, Joseph Dalton, Sir, 1817-1911

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Sir Joseph D. Hooker (1817-1911), botanist, director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England. From the description of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker collection, 1828-1909. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 38477374 English botanist and traveler. From the description of Autograph letter signed, dated : [London] Mar. 25 1878, to an unidentified recipient at the Daily Telegraph, 1878 Mar. 25. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270666429 Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker was...

Phillips, John, 1800-1874

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Lankester, E. Ray (Edwin Ray), Sir, 1847-1929

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Edwin Ray Lankester was a British zoologist and author. He taught at Exeter College (1872-1874), University College (1874-1882), Edinburgh University (1882-1891), and Oxford (1891-1927). From the description of Letters, 1892-[ca. 1903]. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 173465793 From the guide to the Sir E. Ray (Edwin Ray) Lankester letters, 1892-[ca. 1903], 1892-1903, (American Philosophical Society) ...

Quatrefages de Bréau, Jean Louis Armand de, 1810-1892.

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Herbert, John Maurice, 1808-1882

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Darwin, George Howard, sir, 1845-1912

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George Howard Darwin was an astronomer and mathematician. From the description of On meteorites and the history of stellar systems, [1889]. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 86138587 From the description of Letters, 1834-1881. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122523566 Sir George Howard Darwin (1845-1912), mathematician and astronomer, was the son of Charles Darwin. He was educated at Clapham Grammar School an...

Walsh, Benjamin D., 1808-1869.

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Kovalevskĭ, Vladimir Onufrievich, 1842-1883.

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Huxley, Thomas Henry, 1825-1895

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Huxley was an Britist botanist especially known for his work in comparative anatomy and vertebrate paleontology. From the description of [Letter] 1857? May 31, Geological Survey of Great Britain [to] Sir / T. H. Huxley. (Smith College). WorldCat record id: 244251868 English scientist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : Ilkley, to W.A. Knight, 1886 Dec. 6. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 269526779 Student, Royal School of Mines, London, Eng...

Darwin, Emma Wedgwood, 1808-1896

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Gray, John Edward, 1800-1875

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John Edward Gray was an English naturalist and was the Keeper of the Zoological Department at the British Museum of Natural History for many years. From the description of Papers, 1783-1884. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122523596 John Edward Gray (1800-1875) was an English naturalist and the Keeper of the Zoological Department at the British Museum of Natural History from 1840 until 1874. He endeavored to make the British Museum’...

Ramsay, A. C. (Andrew Crombie), 1814-1891

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Sclater, Philip Lutley, 1829-1913

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Epithet: FRS, Sec Zoological Society of London British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000000758.0x0001eb ...

Murchison, Roderick Impey, Sir, 1792-1871

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British geologist. From the description of Papers, 1857 and undated. (Duke University). WorldCat record id: 35230784 English geologist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : Folkestone, to an unnamed correspondent, 1870 Sept. 5. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270612797 Geologist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : [n.p.], to an unidentified recipient, 1847 July 8. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270872039 Ro...

Milne-Edwards, H. (Henri), 1800-1885

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Epithet: French zoologist and naturalist British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000001186.0x0003d6 Belgian physician, naturalist and zoologist. From the description of Note, postmarked 1841, Aug. 4 : Versailles. (Duke University). WorldCat record id: 35163030 Louis Agassiz (1807-1873, APS 1843) was a zoologist and geologist. A student of Georges Cuvier, Agassiz was renown for his six-vol...

Gulick, John Thomas

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George John Romanes,(1848–1894), and John Thomas Gulick,(1832-1923),were both evolutionary biologists. From the guide to the John Thomas Gulick correspondence with George J. Romanes, 1887-1893, 1887-1893, (American Philosophical Society) John Thomas Gulick was a missionary to China and Japan, a naturalist, and author ("Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal," 1905). From the description of Papers, 1853-1898. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id...

Lubbock, J. W. (John William), 1803-1865

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English cleric William Buckland worked as a geologist and vertebrate paleontologist. The first Reader of Geology, University of Oxford (from 1819), Buckland is most noted as the scientific discoverer of dinosaurs. From the guide to the William Buckland papers, 1817-1848, 1817-1848, (American Philosophical Society) ...

Hancock, Albany, 1806-1873

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Thiselton-Dyer, William T. (William Turner), 1843-1928

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William T. Thiselton-Dyer was a botanist, and was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1905. From the description of Correspondence, 1899-1928. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 154298242 ...

Busk, George, 1807-1886

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Forbes, David, 1828-1876

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Galton, Francis, 1822-1911

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Eugenicist. Fellow of the Royal Society. Born in Birmingham, England, educated in Boulogne, Kenilworth and King Edward's School, Birmingham; trained in medicine at Birmingham General Hospital and Kings College London until 1840; B. A. Trinity College, Cambridge. A generous inheritance allowed him to devote his life to travel, and to the study of a succession of virtually unexplored fields: the weather; physical and mental characteristics in man and animals; the influence of heredity on them; her...

Darwin Fox, William, 1805-1880

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Darwin, Francis, Sir, 1848-1925

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Francis Darwin was the son of British naturalist Charles Darwin, and followed his father into the study of botany. Dr. Harkness studied fungi. He was the president of the California Academy of Sciences, 1887-1896. From the description of Autograph letter signed to Dr. Harvey Wilson Harkness, nd. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 754864475 Francis Galton Darwin was a botanist. From the description of Letters, 1868-1925. (American Philosophical Society Library). World...

Cooke, Robert Francis, 1816-1891.

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Wyman, Jeffries, 1901-1995

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Jeffries Wyman (1901-1995) was Professor of Biology at Harvard from 1928 to 1951. From the description of Papers of Jeffries Wyman, 1957-1985 (inclusive). (Harvard University). WorldCat record id: 77061123 Jeffries Wyman (1901-1995) was a biophysicist . A professor of Biology at Harvard from 1928 to 1951, he spent his later years at the University of Rome . He was the author of numerous papers on the biophysical properties of proteins and a member of scientific ...

Ogle, William, 1827-1912

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Carus, Julius Victor, 1823-1903

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German zoologist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : Leipzig, to a colleague (perhaps G.M. Ebers), 1867 Nov. 19. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270133463 ...

Foster, M. (Michael), Sir, 1836-1907

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Physiologist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : [n.p.], to Prof. Knight, [n.d.]. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270470141 ...

Romanes, George John, 1848-1894

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George John Romanes,(1848–1894), and John Thomas Gulick,(1832-1923),were both evolutionary biologists. From the guide to the John Thomas Gulick correspondence with George J. Romanes, 1887-1893, 1887-1893, (American Philosophical Society) English biologist and scientist. From the description of Autograph letter signed : London, to Prof. Knight, [18]73 Mar. 14. (Unknown). WorldCat record id: 270657248 ...

Flower, William Henry, 1831-1899

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Darwin, Erasmus Alvey, 1804-1881.

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Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882

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Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. His father, Robert Waring Darwin (1766-1848), was a physician, the son of Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), a poet, philosopher, and naturalist. Robert established a successful medical practice in Shrewsbury where he was known for his kindness extended to the poor. He was financially quite successful and willing to support his sons in their various endeavors. Although not a prolific writer, he was elected to the Royal Society ...

Haeckel, Ernst, 1834-1919

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Important German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered and named thousands of new species and is credited with coining the word ecology. From the description of Ernst Haeckel manuscripts and publications, 1876-1888. (State Historical Society of Iowa, Library). WorldCat record id: 608105579 Ernst Haeckel was a German zoologist. In 1862 he became a professor of comparative anatomy and director of the Zoological Institute of the Univ...

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1823-1913

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Wallace was a naturalist and collaborator with Darwin on the theory of evolution. From the description of Letter, 1895, January 16, Parkstone, Dorset, to Wallis Mansford, Esq. (University of South Carolina). WorldCat record id: 123275202 Epithet: FRS British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000000751.0x00011f British naturalist. From the description of Letters to E. D. Girdlestone : ALS, 18...

Darwin, William Erasmus, 1839-1914

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William Erasmus Darwin (1839-1914) was born on 27 December 1839, the son of the naturalist Charles Darwin. He was educated at Rugby before entering Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1858 (B.A., 1862; M.A., 1889), and was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1861. Darwin was Director of Grant and Maddison's Union Banking Co., Southampton, 1888-1903, and Chairman of the Southampton Water Company. He was an amateur geologist, and member of the Geological and Anthropological Societies. He died at Sedbergh, Yo...

Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick 1811-1882

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Günther, Albert C. L. G. (Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf), 1830-1914

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Bates, Henry Walter, 1825-1892

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1848-1849 studied wildlife along the Amazon and Tocantins rivers with Alfred Russel Wallace; 1849-1859 continued to study and collect species along the Amazon river; 1862 published 'Contributions to the insect fauna of the Amazon valley: Lepidoptera Heliconidae', in Transactions of the Linnean Society, which described the phenomenon of mimicry; 1864-1892 assistant secretary of the Royal Geographical Society; 1868-1869 and 1878 president of the Entomological Society; 1881 fellow of t...

Eyton, T. C. (Thomas Campbell), 1809-1880

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Epithet: of Eyton, county Shropshire British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue : Person : Description : ark:/81055/vdc_100000001188.0x000279 Thomas Campbell Eyton was an English naturalist. From the description of Correspondence, 1836-1874. (American Philosophical Society Library). WorldCat record id: 122523683 Thomas Campbell Eyton (1809-1880) was a British naturalist and agriculturist. While he also studied cattle, and fishes, Eyt...

Oliver, Daniel, 1830-1916

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Owen, Richard, 1804-1892

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Richard Owen was a comparative anatomist and palaeontologist. From the description of Letter from Richard Owen to Charles Léopold Laurillard to introduce John Gould, 1833 [manuscript]. [1833] (Libraries Australia). WorldCat record id: 277137992 Professor of the Royal College of Surgeons of London; authority on comparative anatomy, vertebrate paleontology and geology. From the description of Osteological contributions to the natural history of the chimpanzees (Tr...